Introduction to digital microelectronic circuits gopalan pdf

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Introduction to Semiconductors and Junction Diodes 3. Course outline elec winter Chapter 6 Solugion 4. Filters and Tuned Amplifiers. You also may like to try some of these bookshopswhich may or may not sell this item.

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Add a tag Cancel Be the first to add a tag for this edition. Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors 4. Related resource Publisher microelectornic at http: About this product Synopsis This work emphasizes the anlaysis and performance comparison of different gate-level logic circuits, and presents design examples based on logic-level requirements. Edith Cowan University Library. Tags What are tags?

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Gives a balanced treatment of regenerative logic circuits using bipolar and MOS discrete and integrated circuits. Each chapter begins with an introduction and ends with a summary of key points covered, references, review questions, problems, and experiments. Experiments at the end of each chapter are used to extract device parameters for readily available bipolar and MOS devices and to provide an understanding of the performance characteristics of basic logic circuits using these devices.

Chapter 1 outlines the basic steps in the design of a digital system, and the impor- tance of analyzing a system at various levels of design. Ideal and practical logic inverter characteristics are presented. Fundamentals of semiconductors and current conduction mechanisms are described in Chapter 2. Operation and modeling of junction diodes are discussed. Chapter 3 gives a brief description of the structure and operation of bipolar junction transistors BITS.

Chapter 5 presents the analyses of different current mode logic families and their implementations in large-scale integration systems. Simplified models for hand calculations and MicroSim PSpice models are presented for these devices. Multivibrator circuits as a class of sequential circuits are analyzed in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 presents various analog-digital conversion techniques. Chapter 10 provides an introduction to the implementation of bipolar and MOS memories.

Different programmable logic devices are discussed as examples of VLSI systems. AUDIENCE This text is intended for a one-semester, upper-level undergraduate course in electrical and computer engineering Basic knowledge of circuit analysis atthe level ofa first engineering circuit analysis course is assumed.

Introductory level of knowledge in semiconductors and electronics is helpful, but not required. Enough material, however, is included to cover logic device characteristics, currents in semiconductors, and the structure, characteristics, and mod- els of diodes, BJTs, and the FETs. The course is required for computer engineering and optional for electrical engineering students with a background in basic analog electronic circuits at the diode, BIT, and FET level.

With two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week, all the chapters are covered at least partially. A minimum of 12 laboratory experiments covers the characteristics of devices, logic families, multivibra- tors, and data converters. Most of the experiments require students to determine the performance characteristics of logic families in the lab and compare them with caleu- lated and simulated results. Currents in a BIT 87 3. Common-Base Characteristics 3.

L Gate 5. Astable Multivibrator ROM Address Decoders Programmable Array Logic Devices Programmable Gate Arrays 51 Digital systems are used extensively in all realms of modern life. We find them in applications ranging from home appliances, entertainment systems, and palmtop computers to health care products, high- speed computers, and communication systems.

More and more applications using digital techniques appear every year, with high precision, small size, and low power dissipation. Analysis of digital electronic circuits is vital to understanding present technologies of microelectronic circuits and to designing these digital systems at all levels of integration.

This chapter outlines the design steps and emphasizes the use of computer-aided tools for the analysis and design of complex digital systems. As a first step in the analysis of digital electronic technologies, we examine the performance characteristics of general inverters. The most common discrete form used is the binary, with two disjoint sets of voltage levels representing binary low 0 and high 1 states.

With each voltage level constrained to vary within a specified range, the output of a digital system is predictable over a wide range of operating conditions. Other advantages of digital systems over analog, or linear, systems in which information is repre- sented by continuously varying voltages or currents include ow cost, easy extension of data size, long-time storage capability, and programmability. Digital systems use electronic circuits that operate, most commonly, as switches, with open switch position designated as logic, or binary, 1 or high , and closed position as 0 or low.

Alternatively, the output of a digital electronic circuit may be one of two well-defined ranges of voltages or currents for the two logic states. Semiconductor diodes and transistors are used as switching devices in digital systems, also called logic or switching systems. Microelectronics refers to the technology of fabricating a large number of electronic devices on a single chip of silicon or a compound semiconductor material such as gallium arsenide The size of the active transistor area in chips has progressively decreased to about 0.

This remarkable increase in performance along with decrease in size is due primarily to advances in the technology of the semiconductor device fabrication process, and to the development of innovative circuit configurations.

In the following section we consider the steps in the design of a digital system. As we will see, for the more complex of these applications, two more steps may also be needed before the final fabrication step. As with any system, the first step in the design is the detailed specification of the requirements of the system.

In this step, the design engineer determines the required number and voltage levels of inputs and outputs, speed of perfor- mance, range of power supply, physical size, and operating environment. At this phase, the system is described in terms of abstract blocks, which, when interconnected, simulate the intended behavior for the given input and initial conditions. The goal in this phase is to establish the required building blocks and their intercon- nections to meet the gross operational specifications of the system.

This step is also called the architecture, or register level design, particularly when referring to computer design. The design at this step represents the behavioral, or input- output, model of the system.

Currently, we describe and specify the behavioral model in an abstract language such as Verilog or VHDL. While some of the blocks may be available as off-the-shelf components, others must be realized from basic elements. A divide-by-N counter, or an N bit sequence detector, for exam- ple, may not be available directly for any given value of N.

A logic designer carries out the logic design of such blocks in this phase, as well as the interfacing, of each block with others, if necessary. This is the primitive level of design, where one chooses the applicable technology for each functional as well as logic block, based on such considerations as power, size, and speed.

In this step, all the blocks identified in the previous steps are interconnected with appropriate power and signal sources. A test engineer validates the completed system by supplying or simulating the specified inputs and monitoring the outputs from the system. The above process for a system design assumes the use of readily available, off-the-shelf components: at the logic design level, small-scale integration SSI circuits for gates and flip-flops, and, at the functional level, medium-scale integration MSI circuits such as counters and shift-registers, and, in some cases, large-scale integration LSI circuits, such as memory and logic arrays.?

How- ever, the process has several limitations for use in applications where size and power dissipation are also primary considerations. When there are number of different circuits at different integration levels, sizes, power, and cost, these add to the overall cost, power, size, and assembly and testing time.

In addition, the advantages of high-speed technology at the gate and the functional levels would be lost in the system due to the extensive wiring and interconnection needed. To achieve a more appropriate design for such applications the designer extends the previous design steps from the logic or gate level of design to the circuit level, then the chip device layout level, and, finally, arrives at chip fabrication.

Figure 1. Because the final product here is a single chip for a given application, it is an application-specific integrated circuit ASIC. It is also a very large scale integration VLSI circuit if its size exceeds 10, equivalent gates. As a result, some of the input signals may need to be generated internally, and the number of output lines may be limited.

This, in turn, could result in lower performance, increased size, more components, and more design changes. Size is also a significant factor in determining maximum power dissipation within the chip and the operating supply voltage. The functional level design must, therefore, consider size with other specifications. For chips with milion or more equivalent goes, the term ULSt ula Farge scoleinlegraion is sometimes used. Finally, careful layout at the chip level ensures that a compact chip results, with the architecture dsigned at the functional level.

Testing of the chip after fabrication verifies that the final circuit meets all of the performance specifications: static, dynamic, power, and environmental. Because of the interrelationship among the design phases, a digital system design engineer must have expertise in one or more levels and must know enough in all other levels to design and fabricate efficient systems. An architecture for adding N bits of data, for example, may be more efficient using serial addition than parallel addition if the source bits are given serially at a high rate.

There- fore, an understanding of the adder implementation at the register level helps the design engineer achieve an efficient design. An innovative circuit design might, on the other hand, reduce size and power or increase speed of operation. With device tech- nology advancing rapidly, the choices of available technology are crucial in determining overall performance and cost.

If, in addition to high speed, the system must dissipate low power, the choice is narrowed to BiCMOS technology, which has operating speeds rivaling that of ECL but at significantly reduced power dissipation.

Addi- tionally, we have recently seen the development of high density MOS Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor implementation of memory devices with storage capac- ities in the Gbit range. Clearly, these types of developments in technology must be considered in the design of high-speed, high-density, and low-power digital systems.